The Internet of Bodies and Beyond
A Call for Transparency in the Age of Biodigital Convergence
Imagine your body woven into a digital network, with microscopic sensors monitoring your health or communicating with your cells. This is the reality of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Bodies (IoB), Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), Internet of Bio-Nano-Things (IoBNT), Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN), and graphene antennae operating in the terahertz spectrum - technologies driving biodigital convergence, where digital systems merge with biology. Note: Key terms are defined in the glossary, and a chart is provided at the bottom of this article that maps their connections.
As philosopher Nick Bostrom asks, “When we merge with machines, we must ask: who controls the interface?”1 These technologies promise to transform healthcare, yet their ability to enter our bodies without consent, through injections, aerosols, food, or water, threatens autonomy, the sanctity of life, and humanity’s future.2
We mustn’t be caught by surprise by our own advancing technology.” ~ Aldous Huxley
The Internet of Things: A Double-Edged Sword
The Internet of Things (IoT) links devices like smartwatches and thermostats to the internet, enabling automation. A fitness tracker can improve health, while IoT optimizes city infrastructure.3 Yet, constant data collection risks privacy breaches, and weak security invites hacking, exposing personal lives.4 IoT’s convenience is undeniable, but without safeguards, it becomes a surveillance tool, potentially weaponizing our data against us - especially when the wrong people are wielding such technology under social constructs that favor authoritarianism.
“The greatest threat to our freedom is not the technology itself,
But the secrecy with which it is deployed.”
The Internet of Bodies: Promise and Peril
The Internet of Bodies (IoB) encompasses devices that connect your body to external networks, from wearables like fitness trackers to implants like pacemakers or IoBNT systems. These tools monitor vital signs, support prosthetics, or enable brain-computer interfaces, offering life-changing benefits. Yet, they collect sensitive data, risking privacy, and are vulnerable to hacking, like manipulating insulin pumps. Non-invasive delivery threatens autonomy, which then leads to the need for disclosure, but also regulation. In the Medium article, “The Internet of Bodies (IoB) - Who Wants Their Body on the Internet” by Dr. Mehmet Yildiz, (who’s worked in the IoT field for many years), he states that although he’s a technology advocate and is neither an optimist, nor a pessimist regarding the Internet of Bodies, that it seriously concerns him nonetheless. Why?
“The current situation is entirely unregulated. Therefore, this lack of regulation poses severe risks for extremely sensitive data. Moreover, it is not only a risk at an individual level but also at the national level.” ~ Dr. Mehmet Yildiz
Scaling Down: The Internet of Nano-Things
The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) shrinks IoT to the nanoscale, where tiny graphene sensors, smaller than a grain of sand, send signals using high-frequency (terahertz) waves. This science article, entitled, “Tiny, wireless, injectable chips use ultrasound to monitor body processes,” published by ScienceDaily in 2021, the Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science built the “World’s smallest single-chip system”… as small as a dust mite and only visible under a microscope and that they could communicate with it wirelessly using ultrasound. These types of “smart dust” particles can detect cancer biomarkers or pollutants with precision.5 However, nanomaterials pose toxicity risks, and regulatory gaps leave safety unclear.6 As part of biodigital convergence, IoNT devices can infiltrate our bodies unnoticed, amplifying the need for transparency to protect our right to know.
“The price of freedom is eternal vigilance.”
~ Aldous Huxley, Brave New World Revisited
Merging Tech and Biology: The Internet of Bio-Nano-Things
The Internet of Bio-Nano-Things (IoBNT) epitomizes biodigital convergence, merging nanodevices with living cells. A bloodstream sensor could monitor glucose or deliver drugs, or track omics data like proteomics (proteins) or metagenomics (microbial DNA), revolutionizing medicine.7 Digital twins, virtual models of biological systems, use IoBNT data to predict health outcomes.
Yet, nanomaterials’ long-term effects are unknown. IoBNT networks face cyber risks, like data theft or device tampering, and increased radiation exposure from network interfaces may harm physiology.8 Unconsented integration via aerosols or water challenges the sanctity of life, merging biology with technology we didn’t choose. This convergence offers hope but demands vigilance to ensure these technologies enhance, rather than exploit, life.
Wireless Body Area Networks: A Hidden History
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) link wearable or implanted devices to monitor vital signs, enabling telemedicine since research began in the early 2000s and standards emerged in 2012.9 They support independent living but risk privacy breaches and eavesdropping.10 The long history of WBAN suggests nanosensors -sometimes called “nano dust” or “smart dust”11- may have entered our bodies for years via non-invasive means, unbeknownst to many.12
This raises urgent questions: Who monitors our biology? What AI tracks our neurons? Are there fail-safes? These questions raise so many more questions, and all of them and more require answers.
Graphene Antennae and Terahertz: The Invisible Backbone
Graphene antennae, crafted from a single carbon layer, enable terahertz communication for IoNT, IoBNT, IoB, and WBAN.13 They support 5G, 6G, and 7G networks but carry risks: terahertz radiation’s health effects are understudied, and networks face interception. Their invisibility demands accountability to prevent unconsented integration.
“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing,”
Edmund Burke.
Ethical, Legal, and Philosophical Implications
Non-consented nanotechnology dispersal is not just a technical issue, it’s a moral one. Violating autonomy, as the Brownstone Institute’s “Node Without Consent” concept highlights, deploying devices in our bodies without our knowledge undermines our free will and redefines our identity as biological beings. The Node Without Consent author, Joshua Stylman, explores this further in his follow-up article, The Invisible Leash: How Tech Giants are Perfecting the Hidden Architecture of Subjugation.
Ethical Concerns
Deontological ethics demands informed consent and respects individuals as autonomous. The decision-making apparatus, where experts or governments deploy these technologies unilaterally and paternalistically, reflects the hubris of scientism, prioritizing scientific progress over ethics, humanistic values, and eroding trust in our societal frameworks.
Considering the consequences for novel technologies like graphene mesh on neurons, or neural nano networks14 that promise to treat neurological disorders, is a wonderful outcome, but the risk of misusing such technology for behavioral modification, instead, is quite disturbing. Imagine if such technologies existed back in previous eras where visionaries like Plato, Galileo, Gandhi, or Martin Luther King, Jr., whose ideas shaped humanity, would have been monitored and manipulated to not lead the way. Would such tech suppress free thinkers, enabling elitist psychopaths to manipulate rather than uplift? This risks a dystopian nightmare, stifling our collective evolution for control.
Legal Implications
Current laws lag behind these technologies. Regulatory bodies like the FDA oversee medical devices, but dispersal lacks regulation, with the approach focused mostly on “post-marketing surveillance”.15 IEEE standards, like 802.15.6 for WBAN and 1906.1 for nanoscale communication, ensure technical security but don’t mandate consent or address sovereignty.16 The EU’s GDPR emphasizes data consent but not bodily integration.17 Looking into standards for digital twins, I can only see articles on benefits and risks, but no ethical standards. Although there is an IEEE Code of Ethics in general, there is a lack of an enforcement apparatus in the United States or globally.
America needs robust laws to protect international, state, and individual sovereignty, preventing foreign entities (e.g., in Europe, or China, for example) from deploying unconsented tech via shared networks using 5, 6, 7, 8 G, etc. Regulations should mandate opt-in consent, screen imports, and enforce global treaties.
Philosophical Questions
Biodigital convergence challenges our understanding of human nature. If nanodevices, like brain-computer interfaces enabled by IoBNT, influence or alter our biology, or our thoughts or behavior, do we remain fully human, or are we no longer free? Does unconsented monitoring erode our agency? These questions echo debates in transhumanism, where the fusion of biology and technology could either enhance our way of being in the world and with each other, or threaten our very existence.18
Author of the book “Homo Deus: A History of Tomorrow”, Yuval Noah Harari, explains in an interview, that humans are now “hackable” animals and explains the dangers with using such technologies…
Mitigating Risks and Opting Out
To honor the sanctity of life, we must consider what we can do now to protect ourselves and our collective future. We must ensure transparency and allow humans to have opt-out rights between natural-born and those who want to be transhuman cyborg entities. Without social agreements rooted in ethical frameworks like deontology, recognizing natural-born beings as autonomous agents with inherent dignity, we are on a path of potentially disastrous consequences.
The ability to opt out should be non-negotiable. Yet, if IoBNT or IoB devices can be, or have already been, dispersed without our consent, as has been illustrated by the darkfield microscopy work of Ana Maria Mihalcea, MD, PhD, showing the nano technology already in all of the injectable biologics, individuals have already lost sovereignty over their bodies. This action violates our right to self-determination, a universal human need.
Thus, we need to focus on key areas:
Transparency, Accountability, and Regulation: Mandate labeling for nanotechnology and public consultations. Strengthen U.S. laws to require consent, screen imports, and deter covert deployment by governments or corporations, ensuring sovereignty.
Detection Tools: Personal scanners to identify nanosensors in air, food, or our bodies, empowering choice.
Neutralization Options: Filters or deactivation methods to disable unwanted devices, ensuring bodily autonomy.
Public Education: Promote education on bioethics and digital literacy to empower individuals to question and understand emerging technologies. Use accessible campaigns to demystify these technologies.
Legal Protections: Laws mandating opt-out mechanisms, with enforcement to deter covert deployment. If evidence of non-consensual biomonitoring emerges, collective legal action could hold corporations or governments accountable, as seen in past cases of medical malpractice, but we would need to ensure legislatures do not provide blanket immunity or legal frameworks that deny due process to American citizens.
AI Protections: What fail-safes are in place to ensure the programs in AI systems honor fundamental protocols? Have they embedded fail-safes in the biodigital grid? Are they monitoring unconsented devices or neural manipulation and triggering shutdowns to identify and neutralize psychopathic behaviors to prevent dystopian control?
Without these, the sanctity of life is undermined, as individuals become extensions of a network that can be modified and manipulated, rather than existing as free, autonomous beings.
Truth-seeking reasoning supports the view that humanity flourishes when choice is preserved. Individuals can demand transparency, use privacy-focused devices, and advocate for “right to know” laws. Collective action, petitions, and forums can safeguard humanity’s potential, but most are wholly ignorant of where we are in the present moment and where we are heading.
Individuals can take steps by demanding transparency from governments and corporations, using privacy-focused wearables, and advocating for “right to know” legislation. Collective action, like petitions or public forums, can amplify these demands.
Where Do We Go From Here?
These technologies herald connectivity and health but threaten autonomy if deployed in secret. Biodigital convergence could heal or enslave. Transparency, consent, and opt-out rights honor the sanctity of life, protecting evolution from manipulation. AI must safeguard our grid, ensuring technology serves global harmony, not authoritarian control.
We can embrace these advancements while preserving free will, demanding a future where every naturally born being chooses their path.
Let’s envision a future where we are informed partners, not unwitting nodes, in this connected world.
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Articles & Books for further reading:
Exploring Biodigital Convergence - The Government of Canada
Horizons of Biodigital Convergence: Law, Policy, and Ethical Standards $65
Glossary of Emerging IoT and Biodigital Convergence Technologies
Biodigital convergence refers to the integration of biological systems with digital technologies (e.g., IoT, AI, nanotechnology) to monitor, analyze, and manipulate biological processes in real time. This is central to fields like IoBNT, IoMT, and omics, where IoT devices (e.g., nanosensors, wearables) collect biological data for health, environmental, or industrial applications. The following list, in Alphabetical Order, examines the Acronyms and what they are and/or do:
AIoT - Artificial Intelligence of Things: Integrates AI with IoT for intelligent data analysis and automation, enabling predictive analytics in smart cities or healthcare. Enhances IoIT and biodigital applications (see IoIT, IoBNT).
BAN - Body Area Network: Network of devices on or in a person’s body for health data collection, often used in medical IoT for real-time monitoring. A subset of WBAN that supports IoMT and IoBNT.
BAN Nodes - Body Area Network Nodes: Individual devices (e.g., sensors, actuators) within a BAN, communicating wirelessly to monitor physiological data. Critical for real-time health tracking in IoMT and IoBNT (see BAN, WBAN).
Biofield: The electromagnetic or subtle energy field surrounding living organisms, potentially monitored via IoT sensors for health diagnostics. Emerging in biodigital health, links to IoMT, biosensors.
Biohacking: Unauthorized modification of biological systems using IoT devices, a risk of unconsented IoBNT deployment. Raising ethical and security concerns.
Bioinformatics: Uses computational tools to analyze biological data (e.g., omics data), integrated with IoT for real-time processing in health or environmental contexts. Supports omics and biodigital convergence.
Bionanotechnology: Combines nanotechnology and biology to create devices (e.g., nanosensors) for monitoring biological processes, integral to IoBNT and omics. Enables IoBNT and biodigital health applications.
Biophotonics: Uses light-based technologies (e.g., lasers, photon sensors) to study biological systems, integrated with IoT for non-invasive diagnostics. Supports IoBNT, IoMT, and VLC applications.
Biosensors: Devices detecting biological signals (e.g., glucose levels, heart rate), often embedded in wearables or implants for real-time IoT health monitoring. Core to IoMT, IoBNT, and omics (see BAN, WBAN).
BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy: Power-efficient Bluetooth for short-range IoT communication, used in wearables and smart home devices. Enables low-power IoT connectivity (see PAN, Zigbee).
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs): Systems enabling direct communication between the brain and external IoT devices, used for neurocontrol or health monitoring. Central to IoB and biodigital convergence (see IoBNT, IoMT).
CEN-CENELEC: European standardization bodies developing IoT and biodigital standards for interoperability and safety, critical for emerging tech adoption. Shapes IoT and biodigital convergence standards (see WG3–WG6).
CIE - Computational Intelligence Engine: AI-driven systems processing complex IoT data, used in predictive analytics for biodigital applications like health monitoring. Supports IoBNT and omics data analysis (see AIoT, IoBNT).
CoAP - Constrained Application Protocol: Lightweight web protocol for resource-constrained IoT devices, enabling efficient communication in low-power networks. Key protocol for IoT and IoNT (see LwM2M).
CPS - Cyber-Physical Systems: Integrates computation, networking, and physical processes, underpinning IoT applications like smart grids or autonomous vehicles. Foundational for IIoT and biodigital systems (see DTw).
Cyberphysical Backbone: Infrastructure integrating physical and digital systems for seamless IoT connectivity, enabling scalable biodigital networks. Supports IoT, IIoT, and IoBNT (see CPS, SDN).
DTw - Digital Twin: Virtual models of physical IoT devices or systems (e.g., human digital twins) for real-time monitoring and optimization in healthcare or industry. Central to biodigital convergence, integrates with IoMT, IoBNT.
Epigenomics: Studies epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation) affecting gene expression. IoT-enabled nanosensors (IoBNT) monitor epigenomic data for health insights. Key in biodigital convergence, links to IoBNT, IoMT.
Exposomics: Analyzes cumulative environmental exposures (e.g., pollutants) and their biological effects. IoT devices (e.g., wearables) collect exposome data for real-time health monitoring. Supports biodigital health applications (see IoMT, IoBNT).
FGOOC - Focus Group on Operational and Organizational Conformance: Likely a standards group for IoT and biodigital operational frameworks, ensuring system reliability (details limited). Supports IoT and biodigital standardization (see CEN-CENELEC).
Glycomics: Studies carbohydrates and their roles in biological systems. IoT-enabled sensors monitor glycomic data for health diagnostics. Emerging omics field, links to IoBNT, IoMT.
GMO - Genetically Modified Organism: Organisms with altered DNA, used in cellular agriculture or biosensing, monitored via IoT for precision applications.
Relevance: Part of biodigital convergence, links to IoBNT, M-CELS.
ICT - Information and Communication Technology: Encompasses technologies for information processing and communication, forming the backbone of IoT and biodigital ecosystems. Overarching field for IoT, IoNT, and related tech.
IIC - Industrial Internet Consortium: Promotes IIoT adoption through standards and frameworks for industrial IoT applications. Drives IIoT standardization (see IIoT, WG3–WG6).
IIoT - Industrial Internet of Things: IoT in industrial settings to optimize manufacturing, supply chains, and efficiency (Industry 4.0). Applies IoT to industrial biodigital systems (see CPS, DTw).
Ingestible Digital Pills: Smart pills with embedded IoT sensors to monitor internal health metrics or drug delivery, transmitting data wirelessly. Core to IoBNT and IoMT (see biosensors, WBAN).
IoB - Internet of Behaviors: Analyzes IoT data to understand and influence human behavior, used in healthcare, marketing, and smart cities. Emerging application of IoT data, links to IoMT, AIoT.
IoBNT - Internet of Bio-Nano Things: Integrates biological and nanoscale systems for molecular-level monitoring (e.g., in-body diagnostics), a core biodigital technology. Subset of IoNT, critical for omics and IoMT.
IoE - Internet of Everything: Extends IoT to include people, processes, data, and devices, creating a holistic interconnected ecosystem. A broader vision of IoT that supports biodigital integration.
IoIT - Internet of Intelligent Things: IoT enhanced with AI for autonomous decision-making (e.g., smart cities, autonomous vehicles). Overlaps with AIoT, supports biodigital analytics.
IoMT - Internet of Medical Things: IoT devices for healthcare (e.g., smart pacemakers, remote monitors), central to biodigital health applications. Links to WBAN, IoBNT, and omics fields.
IoNT - Internet of Nano Things: Nanoscale devices (e.g., nanosensors) communicating wirelessly for health or environmental monitoring.
Relevance: Foundation for IoBNT and biodigital convergence.
IoT - Internet of Things: Network of interconnected devices collecting and exchanging data for automation (e.g., smart homes, wearables). Core technology enables all subdomains and biodigital applications.
LoRa - Long Range: Low-power, long-range wireless technology for IoT (e.g., smart agriculture, environmental monitoring). Supports IoT and biodigital sensor networks (see LPWAN).
LPWAN - Low-Power Wide-Area Network: Long-range, low-power networks for IoT devices (e.g., smart meters, agricultural sensors). Enables IoT and IoNT connectivity (see LoRa, Sigfox).
LwM2M - Lightweight Machine-to-Machine: Protocol for managing resource-constrained IoT devices, built on CoAP for efficient communication. Supports IoT and IoNT device management (see CoAP).
M2M - Machine to Machine: Direct device communication without human intervention, foundational to IoT. Underpins IoT and IIoT connectivity.
M-CELS - Micro-Physiological Systems Enabled by Cellular Engineering and Life Sciences: Microscale systems mimicking human physiology (e.g., organ-on-chip) for drug testing or health monitoring, integrated with IoT for real-time data. Core biodigital technology links to IoBNT, omics.
MEMS - Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems: Microscale devices combining mechanical and electrical components, used in IoT sensors (e.g., motion sensors). Enables IoNT and IoBNT sensors.
Metabolomics: Studies small-molecule metabolites in biological systems. IoT devices (e.g., wearables, IoBNT) monitor metabolic profiles for personalized medicine. Key in biodigital convergence, links to IoMT, IoBNT.
Metagenomics: Analyzes genetic material from microbial communities. IoT systems track metagenomic data for gut health or environmental monitoring. Supports biodigital health and environmental applications.
Microbiomics: Studies microbial communities (e.g., gut microbiota). IoT sensors enable continuous monitoring for health or environmental applications. Integral to biodigital convergence, links to IoMT.
MQTT - Message Queuing Telemetry Transport: Lightweight protocol for efficient IoT data exchange in low-bandwidth environments. Supports IoT and IoNT communication.
Nanomedicine: Uses nanotechnology for medical applications, like targeted drug delivery, enabled by IoBNT and IoMT. Supports biodigital health innovations.
Nanotheranostics: Combines nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapeutics, enabled by IoBNT for personalized medicine. Supports IoMT and biodigital convergence (see nanomedicine, IoBNT).
NB-IoT - Narrowband Internet of Things: Cellular technology for low-power, long-range IoT communication, ideal for biodigital sensors. Supports IoT and IoBNT networks (see 3GPP).
NFC - Near Field Communication: Short-range wireless for secure IoT interactions (e.g., contactless health device pairing). Enables secure IoMT and IoBNT connectivity.
OMA - Open Mobile Alliance: Develops IoT interoperability standards, including LwM2M, for emerging device ecosystems. Supports IoT and biodigital standardization (see LwM2M).
Optogenetics: Uses light to control genetically modified cells, integrated with IoT for precise neural or tissue monitoring. Emerging in IoBNT and IoMT (see biophotonics, BCIs).
PAN - Personal Area Network: Short-range networks (e.g., Bluetooth, Zigbee) for personal IoT devices like wearables. Supports IoMT and WBAN connectivity.
Phenomics: Analyzes phenotypic traits (observable characteristics) influenced by genetics and environment. IoT devices track phenotypic data for precision medicine and support biodigital health applications.
Proteomics: Studies proteins’ structure and function. IoT-enabled biosensors monitor protein biomarkers for disease diagnostics. Central to biodigital convergence, links to IoMT, IoBNT.
RFID - Radio-Frequency Identification: Uses electromagnetic fields for object tracking, integrated with IoT for inventory or health device management. Supports IoT and IIoT applications.
SDN - Software-Defined Networking: Flexible network management for scalable IoT connectivity, supporting biodigital networks. Enhances IoT and IIoT infrastructure.
Sigfox: Global LPWAN for low-cost, low-power IoT communication (e.g., environmental sensors). Supports IoT and biodigital sensor networks (see LPWAN).
SIoT - Social Internet of Things: IoT devices interacting socially to enhance collaboration (e.g., resource sharing). Emerging IoT paradigm supports smart ecosystems.
Synthetic Biology: Designs and engineers biological systems (e.g., synthetic cells) for specific functions, often monitored via IoT for precision applications. Links to GMO, M-CELS, and IoBNT.
Transcriptomics: Examines RNA to understand gene expression. IoT integration enables real-time transcriptomic data for diagnostics. Supports biodigital health applications (see IoBNT).
V2X - Vehicle-to-Everything: IoT communication between vehicles and entities (e.g., infrastructure) for smart transportation. Emerging IoT application, links to IIoT, 5G IoT.
VLC - Visible Light Communication: Uses light (e.g., LEDs) for high-speed, secure IoT data transmission, ideal for biodigital environments like hospitals. Supports IoT and IoBNT (see biophotonics, metamaterials).
WBAN - Wireless Body Area Network: Wearable or implantable devices for health monitoring, critical for biodigital health applications.
Relevance: Supports IoMT, IoBNT, and omics data collection.
WG3, WG4, WG5, WG6 - Working Groups 3, 4, 5, 6: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 working groups for IoT and digital twin standards: WG3 (architecture), WG4 (interoperability), WG5 (applications), WG6 (digital twins). Shapes IoT and biodigital standards (see CEN-CENELEC, DTw).
WSN - Wireless Sensor Network: Spatially distributed sensors for environmental monitoring, foundational to IoT and biodigital systems. Supports IoT, IoNT, and omics data collection.
Zigbee: Low-power, short-range wireless protocol for IoT, used in smart homes and health devices. Enables IoT and IoMT connectivity (see PAN).
3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project: Description: Standards organization developing protocols for IoT connectivity, such as NB-IoT and LTE-M, enabling efficient, scalable networks for emerging IoT applications. Supports IoT infrastructure (see NB-IoT, LTE-M).
5G IoT: Fifth-generation cellular networks optimized for high-speed, low-latency IoT applications (e.g., autonomous vehicles, biodigital sensors). Supports IoT, IIoT, and biodigital convergence (see 3GPP).
The accompanying chart (generated using Graphviz) maps these technologies, showing how IoT connects to biodigital fields like IoBNT and omics, with color-coded clusters for clarity.
Map of Emerging IoT Technology & The Biodigital Convergence
Footnotes
Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence (2014).
Academic Press: Ensuring Global Food Safety (Second Edition)
Exploring Global Harmonization 2022, Pages 325-340
Akyildiz, I. F., & Jornet, J. M. (2010). The Internet of Nano-Things. IEEE Wireless Communications.
Gubbi, J., et al. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems.
Murat Kuscu, Bige Unluturk (2021). Internet of Bio-Nano Things: A Review of Applications, Enabling Technologies and Key Challenges
Oberdörster, G., et al. (2005). Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles.
Libre Texts General Biology: Concepts in Biology 10.3: Genomics and Proteomics
Preethichandra, D.M.G., et al. (2023). Wireless Body Area Networks and Their Applications - A Review
Pister (2001). Smart Dust: Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter Supported by the DARPA/MTO MEMS program
Jornet, J. M., & Akyildiz, I. F. (2013). Graphene-based plasmonic nano-antenna for terahertz band communication. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.
UnderstandingNano.Com Regulation of Nanotechnology Materials and Products
Allan et al. (2021) Regulatory landscape of nanotechnology and nanoplastics from a global perspective Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Volume 122, June 2021
European Union (2018). General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
European Commission recommendation on A code of conduct for responsible nanosciences and nanotechnologies research & Council conclusions on Responsible nanosciences and nanotechnologies research (2009): https://dscf.units.it/sites/dscf.units.it/files/nanocode-apr09_en.pdf
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (revised in 2020). Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy & Dignity (2023)
I'm just a nobody, but I feel this article is woefully out of touch. So for 20 years and who knows maybe much longer “nano dust” or “smart dust”11- may have entered our bodies for years via non-invasive means, unbeknownst to many." and NOW we are wringing out hands about regulation????